Annex
Military Expenditures of South China Sea Claimant States, 2009-2013 (% of GDP*)
Country | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
Brunei | 3.3 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 |
China | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 |
Indonesia | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Malaysia | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Philippines | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
Vietnam | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Source: World Bank database, calculated from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS
* In US dollars at constant 2011 prices and exchange rates, except for 2013 which is at 2013 prices and exchange rates.
Endnotes
- Alastair Iain Johnston, “How New and Assertive is China’s New Assertiveness?” International Security, 37(4) Spring 2013), pp.7-48.
- See for example Bonnie Glaser, “China’s Coercive Economic Diplomacy: A New and Worrying Trend,” CSIS PacNet#46, July 23, 2012. http://csis.org/publication/chinas-coercive-economic-diplomacy-new-and-worrying-trend
- “China’s Position Paper on the New Security Concept.” Website of the Permanent Mission of the PRC to the United Nations. http://www.china-un.org/eng/xw/t27742.htm
- Bonnie Glaser, “Notes from the Xiangshan Forum,” Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, November 25, 2014. http://amti.csis.org/notes-from-the-xianshang-forum/
- See Bilahari Kausikan, “Size Matters: ASEAN-China Relations: Building A Common Destiny,” The American Interest, September 23, 2014. http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2014/09/23/asean-china-relations- building-a-common-destiny/
- See for example June Teufel Dreyer, “China’s Tianxia: Do All Under Heaven Need One Arbiter?” Yale Global Online, October 30, 2014. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/china’s-tianxia-do-all-under-heaven-need-one-arbiter. See also William A. Callahan, “Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-hegemonic or a New Hegemony?” International Studies Review 10 (2008).
- Steve Chan, Enduring Rivalries in the Asia-Pacific, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp.60-61.
- Ibid., pp.x-xi.
- See for example June Teufel Dreyer, “China’s Tianxia: Do All Under Heaven Need One Arbiter?” Yale Global Online, October 30, 2014. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/china’s-tianxia-do-all-under-heaven-need-one-arbiter. See also William A. Callahan, “Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-hegemonic or a New Hegemony?” International Studies Review 10 (2008).
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